The Mechanical Properties and Water-Reducing and Retarding Mechanism of a Xylonic Cement Admixture

This study explores the mechanical properties, as well as the water-reducing and setting delay mechanism, of a novel xylonic acid-based water reducer applied to cementitious materials. Four xylonic acid water reducers were synthesized in this study: XACa (PX) from pure xylose, XACa (HS) from hemicellulose hydrolysate, XANa (PX) from pure xylose, and XANa (HS) from hemicellulose hydrolysate. These were generated through the whole-cell catalysis of Gluconobacter oxydans bacteria, using pure xylose and hemicellulose hydrolysate as substrates. The findings indicate that the xylonic acid-based water reducer can attain a water-reducing capability between 14% and 16% when the dosage (expressed as a mass fraction of cement) is roughly 0.2%. In initial and final setting tests, XACa (PX) demonstrated a pronounced retarding influence at admixture levels below 0.15%, reaching its apex at 0.10%. This delayed the initial setting time by 76% and the final setting time by 136% relative to the control group. However, a slight pro-setting effect was noted beyond a 0.2% dosage. In the compressive and flexural tests of concrete, under the same slump, the XA group improved its mechanical properties by 5% to 10% compared to the SodiuM lignosulfonate (SL) group. In the air content and chloride ion migration resistance tests, the XA group reduced the air content by 38% compared to the SL group, but also increased the data of rapid chloride migration (D_RCM) by 16%. Characterization studies revealed that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in xylonic acid undergo chemisorption with the Si-O bonds on the surface of cement particles. These groups interact with the Si-O bonds on cement particles, contributing to water-reducing effects and delaying the setting process by impeding Ca²⁺ ion aggregation in the calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. Its significant water-reducing effect, adjustable setting time, and excellent mechanical and durability properties suggest its viability as an alternative to lignosulfonate series water-reducing agents.