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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the...
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Sperm Transport01:15

Sperm Transport

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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
The maturation phase occurs in the epididymis, where sperm...
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Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model

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TFAM mislocalization during spermatogenesis.

Sam Kavoosi1, Martin Picard2, Brett A Kaufman1

  • 1Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. BST W1044, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|November 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited. New research suggests mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) import sequence regulation may cause sperm mtDNA depletion before fertilization, challenging prior models.

Keywords:
TFAMmtDNAspermatogenesisuniparental inheritance

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Separation of Spermatogenic Cell Types Using STA-PUT Velocity Sedimentation
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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2025

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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Separation of Spermatogenic Cell Types Using STA-PUT Velocity Sedimentation
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Separation of Spermatogenic Cell Types Using STA-PUT Velocity Sedimentation

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is primarily inherited maternally.
  • Previous models proposed paternal mitochondria are destroyed to ensure maternal mtDNA transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel mechanisms of mtDNA transmission in human reproduction.
  • To explore the role of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in sperm mtDNA content.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TFAM in human sperm.
  • Investigation of TFAM import sequence regulation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests TFAM import sequence regulation is involved in sperm mtDNA depletion.
  • This mechanism offers an alternative explanation for mtDNA transmission patterns.

Conclusions:

  • TFAM regulation presents a potential cause for reduced mtDNA in sperm prior to fertilization.
  • This finding refines our understanding of mitochondrial genetics in reproduction.