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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Healing II: Complications01:24

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Treatment Protocol for Rotator Cuff Calcific Tendinitis Using a Single-Crystal Piezoelectric Focused Shock Wave Source
05:17

Treatment Protocol for Rotator Cuff Calcific Tendinitis Using a Single-Crystal Piezoelectric Focused Shock Wave Source

Published on: December 23, 2022

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Un-resolving frozen shoulder: Are we really treating it?

Abrar Ahmed Wagan1, Paras Surahyo2

  • 1Abrar Ahmed Wagan, MBBS, FCPS (Medicine), FCPS (Rheumatology), FACR. Associate Professor of Rheumatology, Indus Medical College, Tando Mohammad Khan, Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
|January 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasound imaging in Pakistani patients with persistent frozen shoulder revealed common rotator cuff tendinopathy (61%) and adhesive capsulitis (21%). This diagnostic tool aids in identifying the precise cause of un-resolving shoulder pain for better management.

Keywords:
Adhesive capsulitisRotator cuff tendinopathyShoulder painUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Musculoskeletal Radiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is a common cause of shoulder pain and disability.
  • Un-resolving cases often require further investigation beyond initial clinical diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of ultrasound examination in diagnosing un-resolving frozen shoulder cases in a Pakistani cohort.
  • To identify the underlying pathologies contributing to persistent shoulder pain and restricted motion.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 138 patients with unilateral frozen shoulder visiting a rheumatology clinic.
  • Ultrasound examination of both shoulder joints was performed by a musculoskeletal radiologist.
  • Patients included had persistent symptoms despite previous intra-articular injections and no prior detailed investigation.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound identified rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCT) in 61% of cases, adhesive capsulitis (AC) in 21%, and mixed lesions in 14%.
  • Rotator cuff tendinopathy was more prevalent in patients under 50 years, while adhesive capsulitis was predominant in those over 50 (p=0.05).
  • Rotator cuff tendinopathy showed a significant association with supraspinatus tears (p<0.5).

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasound examination is crucial for determining the exact cause of un-resolving frozen shoulder pain, which may differ from the initial clinical diagnosis.
  • Findings guide appropriate management strategies for persistent shoulder conditions.