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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
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When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...
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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Dynamic covalent synthesis.

Fabien B L Cougnon1, Artur R Stefankiewicz2, Sébastien Ulrich3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland fabien.b.l.cougnon@jyu.fi.

Chemical Science
|January 19, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic covalent synthesis uses reversible bonds to build complex molecules. These adaptable structures can be stabilized or triggered by stimuli, enabling smart chemical systems and molecular devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Synthesis
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) enables the controlled assembly of molecules using reversible covalent bonds.
  • Recent advancements have expanded DCC to create diverse complex structures like macrocycles, cages, and mechanically interlocked molecules.
  • The reversibility of these bonds allows for stimuli-responsive behavior and the formation of adaptive materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the programmability and versatility of dynamic covalent systems.
  • To showcase the potential of dynamic covalent assemblies in creating complex matter and functional molecular devices.
  • To emphasize the stimuli-responsive nature of these assemblies for adaptive applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing reversible covalent bond formation for molecular assembly.
  • Programming dynamic covalent systems for specific structural outcomes.
  • Controlling bond reversibility via external stimuli (e.g., chemical, thermal).

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of various complex assemblies including macrocycles, cages, and mechanically interlocked structures.
  • Demonstration of stimuli-responsive behavior, allowing assemblies to adapt to environmental changes.
  • Stable, isolable products achieved by switching off bond reversibility.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic covalent synthesis offers precise control over molecular assembly.
  • The stimuli-responsive nature of dynamic covalent assemblies is key for designing smart materials and molecular devices.
  • This field holds significant promise for creating advanced chemical systems and out-of-equilibrium matter.