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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymer Patterning by Laser-Induced Multipoint Initiation of Frontal Polymerization.

Andrés L Cook1, Mason A Dearborn2, Trevor M Anderberg1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrate multipoint initiation of frontal polymerization (FP) using laser-patterned heating. This technique enables simultaneous initiation at multiple points, paving the way for novel material fabrication and pattern generation with reduced energy costs.

Keywords:
dicyclopentadienefrontal polymerizationlaser initiationpatterned materialsphotothermal initiation

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Frontal polymerization (FP) offers a lower energy alternative to autoclaves for thermosetting plastics.
  • Simultaneous propagation of multiple polymerization fronts is a theoretical possibility with potential applications.
  • Previous research has not demonstrated frontal polymerization initiated at more than two points simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate simultaneous initiation of frontal polymerization at multiple locations using laser-patterned photothermal heating.
  • To explore the potential of multipoint initiation for large-scale material fabrication and unique pattern generation.
  • To develop and validate a theoretical framework for predicting seam patterns formed by colliding polymerization fronts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing laser-patterned photothermal heating for simultaneous initiation of frontal polymerization in a 2-D sample.
  • Incorporating carbon black particles into dicyclopentadiene resin to enhance light absorption from a Ti:sapphire laser.
  • Employing a time-shared laser for rapid steering among up to seven simultaneous initiation points.

Main Results:

  • Successful simultaneous initiation of frontal polymerization at up to seven points.
  • Formation of both symmetric and asymmetric seam patterns resulting from the collision of polymerization fronts.
  • Validation of a theoretical framework for predicting seam patterns and enabling inverse design of initiation points.

Conclusions:

  • Laser-patterned photothermal heating is an effective method for multipoint initiation of frontal polymerization.
  • The developed theoretical framework accurately predicts seam patterns and allows for the design of novel patterns.
  • This approach holds promise for rapid, energy-efficient manufacturing of patterned composite-like materials.