Physiological Responses of C₄ Perennial Bioenergy Grasses to Climate Change: Causes, Consequences, and Constraints

C₄ perennial bioenergy grasses are an economically and ecologically important group whose responses to climate change will be important to the future bioeconomy. These grasses are highly productive and frequently possess large geographic ranges and broad environmental tolerances, which may contribute to the evolution of ecotypes that differ in physiological acclimation capacity and the evolution of distinct functional strategies. C₄ perennial bioenergy grasses are predicted to thrive under climate change-C₄ photosynthesis likely evolved to enhance photosynthetic efficiency under stressful conditions of low [CO₂], high temperature, and drought-although few studies have examined how these species will respond to combined stresses or to extremes of temperature and precipitation. Important targets for C₄ perennial bioenergy production in a changing world, such as sustainability and resilience, can benefit from combining knowledge of C₄ physiology with recent advances in crop improvement, especially genomic selection.