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Published on: July 26, 2017
Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases
Kensuke Miyake1, Takuma Shibata2, Ryutaro Fukui2
1Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. kmiyake@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Abstract:
Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) reside in the endosomal compartment of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. NAs transported to the endosomal compartment are degraded by DNases and RNases. Degradation products, including single-stranded DNA, oligoRNA, and nucleosides, are recognized by TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 to drive the defense responses against pathogens. NA degradation influences endosomal TLR responses by generating and degrading TLR ligands. TLR ligand accumulation because of impaired NA degradation causes constitutive TLR activation, leading to autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, some genes associated with these diseases promote endosomal TLR responses. Therefore, endosomal TLRs are promising therapeutic targets for TLR-mediated inflammatory diseases, and novel drugs targeting TLRs are being developed.
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