Electrochemical and photochemical reaction of isatins: a decade update

This review presents the latest progress in photochemical and electrochemical reactions involving isatins. Isatin and its functionalized scaffolds e.g., oxindoles, spirooxindoles, and quinolines are privileged heterocycles as they are largely present in several agrochemical, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. Thus, the functionalization of isatins using sustainable approaches, i.e., electro- and photochemical methods is of recent research interest worldwide. In this review, we have discussed most of the important reactions of isatins based on types of bond formation involved under electro- and photochemical conditions over the last decade. The reaction mechanism for each reaction has been discussed in detail to offer an inclusive guide to readers. Lastly, a summary of current challenges and the future outlook toward the development of effective electrochemical and photochemical methods for the reaction of isatins is also presented.