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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids

Background:

  • Superfluidity in helium-3 (³He) exhibits complex behavior in confined geometries.
  • Helmholtz resonators are sensitive probes of fluid dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the power dependence of superfluid ³He in flat rectangular channels.
  • Understand nonlinear responses and critical velocity phenomena.
  • Explore dissipation mechanisms in confined superfluids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized superfluid ³He in flat channels (750 and 1800 nm).
  • Studied Helmholtz resonators in the A phase of superfluid ³He.
  • Analyzed the power dependence and force-velocity curves.

Main Results:

  • Observed a nonlinear response in superfluid ³He above a critical velocity.
  • Identified surface-bound state pumping as the dominant low-velocity dissipation mechanism.
  • Found temperature dependence of critical velocity consistent with surface-state dissipation.

Conclusions:

  • Small channel dimensions stabilize a static texture, simplifying dissipation studies.
  • The observed critical velocity behavior supports the surface-state dissipation model.
  • These resonators offer a platform for studying exotic surface bound states in superfluid ³He.