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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Early Events and Long-Term Effects of ACL Injuries for Osteoarthritis Progression
Published on: September 29, 2023
Comprehensive Clinical Examination of ACL Injuries
David E Kantrowitz1, Alexis Colvin1
1Department of Orthopedics, The Mount Sinai Hospital, 5 E 98th Street, 9th floor, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Abstract:
A comprehensive clinical examination of the potentially anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee should proceed as follows: inspection; palpation; range of motion; varus and valgus stress; neurovascular status; and finally provocative maneuvers. The Lachman, anterior drawer, Lever, and pivot shift tests are all greater than 90% specific for ACL pathology. Due to the relatively high coincidence of ACL injuries and those to the posterior cruciate ligament, posterolateral corner , posteromedial corner , and menisci, it is critical that the examiner perform provocative maneuvers to evaluate the integrity of these structures as well.
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