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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) offers a non-invasive approach for precise neuromodulation.
    • Current methods lack chronic, patient-specific, and real-time adaptive capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate an image-guided platform for chronic, patient-specific FUS neuromodulation.
    • To enable real-time feedback control for robust nerve modulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed custom wearable probes with integrated ultrasound imaging and modulation arrays on a flexible PCB.
    • Utilized a template-matching algorithm for nerve localization and beam steering.
    • Implemented a closed-loop proportional-integral (PI) controller for real-time transmit voltage optimization based on muscle twitch feedback.

    Main Results:

    • Fabricated and tested dual-mode probes (4 MHz imaging, 1.3 MHz modulation) on tissue phantoms.
    • Demonstrated accurate nerve targeting and closed-loop neuromodulation in an in vitro active tissue phantom.
    • Achieved robustness to probe positioning errors and inter-subject variability.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed image-guided, closed-loop FUS platform enables precise and adaptive neuromodulation.
    • This technology holds potential for chronic, patient-specific peripheral nerve therapies.
    • Further research can explore in vivo applications and advanced control strategies.