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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The Pediatric Ankle: Normal Variations and Maturation-Dependent Pathology.

Philip G Colucci1, Carolyn M Sofka1

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.

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|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Understanding pediatric ankle development is key for accurate diagnosis. This study details normal variations and pathologies, focusing on imaging techniques for skeletal integrity in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • Orthopedic Development

Background:

  • The pediatric ankle exhibits developmental variations and pathologies specific to growth stages.
  • Accurate diagnosis of pediatric ankle skeletal integrity relies on understanding ossification and fusion timelines.
  • Cadaveric research and radiographic studies have well-characterized these developmental patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe normal variations in pediatric ankle anatomy and maturation-dependent pathologies.
  • To emphasize key imaging considerations for evaluating the pediatric ankle.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview for interpreting pediatric ankle imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) findings.
  • Correlation of imaging findings with developmental stages, including ossification and physeal appearance.
  • Emphasis on the role of periosteum, perichondrium, and bone marrow signal interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of normal age-related ossification and fusion patterns of the pediatric ankle.
  • Characterization of common pediatric ankle pathologies and their imaging appearances.
  • Highlighting the utility and limitations of various imaging modalities (MRI, US, CT) in pediatric ankle assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of pediatric ankle maturation is crucial for differentiating normal variation from pathology.
  • Imaging plays a vital role in assessing pediatric ankle skeletal integrity and injury patterns.
  • A comprehensive understanding of imaging considerations aids in accurate diagnosis and management.