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Flexible ammonium ion-selective electrode based on inkjet-printed graphene solid contact.

Sara Krivačić1, Željka Boček1, Marko Zubak1

  • 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.

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Summary

Inkjet printing enables low-cost fabrication of flexible ammonium sensors using graphene nanosheets. Electrode polarization enhances performance, making these sensors suitable for real-world environmental monitoring applications.

Keywords:
Ammonium ion sensorFlexible electrodeInkjet-printed sensorPotentiometrySolid-contact ion selective electrodeWastewater

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Area of Science:

  • Electroanalytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Miniaturization and mass production of potentiometric sensors are crucial for distributed environmental sensing, on-body measurements, and industrial monitoring.
  • Inkjet printing offers a scalable, adaptable, and cost-effective manufacturing technique for sensor systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable, low-cost method for fabricating flexible solid-contact ammonium ion-selective electrodes using inkjet printing.
  • To investigate the use of inkjet-printed melamine-intercalated graphene nanosheets as a solid-contact material.
  • To evaluate the impact of external polarization on electrode performance and reproducibility.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of flexible solid-contact ammonium ion-selective electrodes via inkjet printing.
  • Utilizing melamine-intercalated graphene nanosheets as the solid-contact layer.
  • Applying external polarization to the electrodes.
  • Testing electrode performance with ammonium chloride solutions and landfill leachate samples.

Main Results:

  • Inkjet-printed graphene nanosheets improved charge transport and prevented water-layer formation.
  • Electrode polarization reduced standard deviations of E0 values and extended the linear response range to 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ M NH₄Cl.
  • Limit of detection (LOD) was reduced to 0.88 ± 0.17 μM.
  • Ammonium concentration in landfill leachate was determined with <4% deviation from a reference method.

Conclusions:

  • A scalable and cost-effective inkjet printing route for flexible ammonium ion-selective electrodes was successfully demonstrated.
  • The use of graphene nanosheets as a solid contact material and external polarization significantly enhanced sensor performance and reproducibility.
  • The developed electrodes are suitable for reliable ammonium ion measurements in complex real-world samples like landfill leachate.