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A Comprehensive Review on the Biogenic Amines in Cheeses: Their Origin, Chemical Characteristics, Hazard and
Giuseppe Natrella1, Mirco Vacca1, Fabio Minervini1
1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
Biogenic amines in fermented foods, especially cheese, can cause food poisoning. This review examines amine formation, health risks, and factors influencing their levels in various cheeses.
Area of Science:
- Food Science
- Microbiology
- Toxicology
Background:
- Biogenic amines (BAs) form in fermented foods via microbial amino acid decarboxylation.
- Common BAs include histamine, putrescine, and tyramine, posing food security risks.
- Cheeses, particularly ripened varieties, are prone to high BA accumulation due to manufacturing and ripening processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of BAs in food.
- To detail BA formation, associated health issues, and influencing microorganisms and processes.
- To focus on BA content in diverse cheese types and factors affecting their concentration.
Main Methods:
- Literature review on biogenic amines in fermented foods.
- Focus on cheese manufacturing, ripening, and microbial activity.
- Multivariate analysis of existing literature data on cheese BA content.
Main Results:
- Cheeses are significant sources of BAs, with levels varying by type and processing.
- Microbial activity and environmental factors critically influence BA formation and concentration.
- Analysis revealed key biotic and abiotic factors impacting BA levels in cheese.
Conclusions:
- Understanding BA formation in cheese is crucial for food safety.
- Controlling microbial and environmental factors can mitigate BA accumulation.
- Further research and monitoring are needed to ensure consumer safety from BAs in cheese.
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