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Area-Efficient Mixed-Signal Time-to-Digital Converter Integration for Time-Resolved Photon Counting.

Sergio Moreno1, Victor Moro1, Joan Canals1

  • 1Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

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|September 14, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a compact mixed-signal time-to-digital converter (TDC) using analog storage for single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors. The area-efficient design enhances histogram generation for time-resolved measurements.

Keywords:
CMOShistogrammixed-signalquantum dot (QD)single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)time-resolved fluorescencetime-to-digital converter (TDC)

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Semiconductor Devices
  • Integrated Circuit Design
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Time-resolved measurements using single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors generate numerous timestamp signals, necessitating efficient histogram generation.
  • Conventional methods for digital histogram generation require substantial storage, limiting integration in large SPAD arrays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an area-efficient mixed-signal time-to-digital converter (TDC) with analog storage for SPAD-based time-resolved measurements.
  • To reduce the physical footprint of TDCs for seamless integration into large-scale SPAD sensor arrays.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated a mixed-signal TDC utilizing an analog storage technique.
  • Integrated the TDC using a 150 nm CMOS process, achieving a prototype area of 18.3 µm × 36.5 µm.
  • Validated the TDC's performance in a point-of-care (PoC) device for fluorescence lifetime measurements.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a highly compact TDC prototype with a size reduction compared to conventional designs.
  • Demonstrated excellent linearity with integral nonlinearity (INL) of 0.35/0.14 LSB and differential nonlinearity (DNL) of 0.14/-0.12 LSB.
  • Successfully distinguished fluorescence lifetimes of Alexa Fluor dyes and Quantum Dots, validating its application in fluorescence lifetime measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed analog storage TDC offers a novel, area-efficient solution for SPAD-based systems.
  • This technology enables high-performance histogram generation for time-resolved measurements, with potential applications in medical diagnostics.
  • The compact design facilitates integration into large SPAD arrays, advancing time-resolved sensing capabilities.