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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
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Additively Manufactured Zirconia for Dental Applications with In Situ Color Gradation Control.

Lukas Theis1, Valdemar Duarte1,2, João C Roque3

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
|October 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Additive manufacturing offers an efficient alternative for creating dental zirconia reconstructions with color gradients. This robocasting method uses ceramic inks to produce custom-shaded dental materials, reducing waste and cost.

Keywords:
Yttria-stabilized zirconiaadditive manufacturingcolor gradationdental applications

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Traditional zirconia reconstruction fabrication is inefficient, costly, and generates waste.
  • Near-net shape additive manufacturing presents a novel, efficient solution for dental materials.
  • Color gradient capabilities are crucial for aesthetic dental restorations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient additive manufacturing method for zirconia dental reconstructions.
  • To create a low-cost robocasting system for co-extruding ceramic inks.
  • To produce zirconia parts with controlled color gradients for dental applications.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and developed a low-cost robocasting system for co-extrusion.
  • Formulated hydrogel-based ceramic inks with Yttria-stabilized zirconia powders (white and yellow).
  • Printed parts with varying color shades and gradients, assessing green body stability and performing color measurements.

Main Results:

  • Successfully printed zirconia parts with high aspect ratios and color gradients.
  • Identified binder fractions that caused distortions during drying and sintering.
  • Sintered parts exhibited moderate density (4.90-5.09 g/cm³) and hardness (500-1100 HV10).
  • Density and hardness increased with higher iron oxide content.

Conclusions:

  • Robocasting enables efficient, cost-effective production of color-gradient zirconia dental materials.
  • Binder content optimization is critical to prevent distortions during processing.
  • Further research may enhance density and hardness for improved mechanical properties.