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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
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In Situ TEM Imaging Reveals the Dynamic Interplay Between Attraction, Repulsion and Sequential Attraction-Repulsion

Abid Zulfiqar1, Mari Honkanen1,2, Nonappa1

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|October 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Electron beam irradiation can cause gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to repel, not just coalesce. This study reveals a unique attraction-repulsion behavior in Au NPs, controllable by electron dose and size.

Keywords:
coalescencein situ TEMnanoparticle attraction and repulsionnanoparticle manipulationnanoscale dynamicsstructural transformation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Electron beam manipulation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) provides insights into their behavior, structural changes, and emergent properties.
  • While electron beam-induced NP coalescence is increasingly understood, phenomena like repulsion remain under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomena of repulsion and attraction between gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) under electron beam irradiation.
  • To explore the influence of NP size and electron dose rate on interparticle interactions and dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for real-time imaging of nanoparticle interactions.
  • Employed small (≈5.9 nm) and large (≈11.0 nm) gold nanoparticles (Au NPs).
  • Varied electron dose rates to observe dynamic NP behavior.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that NP repulsion is as favorable as coalescence under electron beam irradiation at room temperature.
  • Observed a unique sequential attraction-repulsion behavior in Au NPs, dependent on size and electron dose.
  • Quantified repulsion rates: low dose rate showed small Au NPs repelling at 0.4 nm/min, large Au NPs at 0.08 nm/min.
  • Noted that large Au NPs exhibited initial attraction (15 min) followed by rapid repulsion at high electron dose rates.

Conclusions:

  • Electron beam irradiation can induce both attraction and repulsion between gold nanoparticles, challenging the sole focus on coalescence.
  • The observed sequential attraction-repulsion behavior offers a novel mechanism for controlling interparticle distances.
  • This controllable manipulation of interparticle distance without altering NP dimensions is promising for advanced photonic and plasmonic nanodevices.