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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Amyloid Goiter: A Peruvian Case Series.

José Paz-Ibarra1,2,3, Marcio Concepción-Zavaleta4, Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave5

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Touchreviews in Endocrinology
|November 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amyloid goiter (AG) is a rare thyroid swelling caused by amyloid protein deposits. Suspect AG in patients with giant goiters and systemic inflammatory diseases, especially end-stage renal disease.

Keywords:
AmyloidosisPeruchronic renal insufficiencygoiternodular goiterthyroid diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Amyloid goiter (AG) is a rare thyroid swelling due to amyloid protein deposition.
  • It is associated with primary or secondary amyloidosis and occurs in 0.17% of multinodular goiter cases.
  • AG is rarely diagnosed before surgery.

Observation:

  • A Peruvian case series included four patients (3 female, 1 male) aged 28-65 with inflammatory diseases.
  • Patients presented with dyspnoea, dysphagia, and dysphonia, and a grade III goiter.
  • Fine-needle aspiration suggested colloid goiter, but histochemistry confirmed AG post-thyroidectomy.

Findings:

  • The study observed a broader age range (28-65) and female predominance in AG cases, contrasting with previous reports.
  • AG should be considered in patients with chronic systemic inflammatory diseases, particularly end-stage renal disease.
  • AG is a differential diagnosis for multinodular goiters with compressive symptoms and progressive growth.

Implications:

  • This study highlights the importance of considering AG in specific patient populations.
  • Early suspicion and diagnosis of AG can improve patient management.
  • Further research is needed to understand the prevalence and clinical presentation of AG.