This review focuses on time-critical cardiological conditions which are significant health challenges in the Western world. It covers conditions ranging from those manageable electively to those requiring immediate medical or surgical intervention, including acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, acute heart failure, aortic dissection, and acute arrhythmias. The purpose is to provide an understanding of the characteristics of these conditions, their impact on patient prognosis, and current treatment strategies in critical situations.