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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

211
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
211
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

133
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
220
Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture01:26

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture

161
Sputum studies are a critical part of diagnosing and treating numerous respiratory conditions. These studies involve obtaining sputum samples for analysis to identify pathogenic organisms and assess the presence of abnormal cells indicative of malignant conditions. This lesson will delve into three fundamental sputum studies: Gram Stain, Cytology, and Acid-fast Smear and Culture.
Gram Stain
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A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
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Methods and Models for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Respiratory Infections.

Caterina Franco1,2, Rita Rezzani1,3,4

  • 1Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models offer a more accurate way to study tuberculosis (TB) by mimicking human lung granulomas. These advanced systems improve understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis and aid therapeutic development.

Keywords:
3D in vitro systemMycobacterium tuberculosisanimal modelsgranulomain vivo and in vitro studiestuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Respiratory infections, particularly tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), are a significant global health concern.
  • Mtb's ability to persist, evade immune responses, and develop drug resistance complicates TB diagnosis and treatment.
  • Traditional research models (animal, 2D in vitro) inadequately replicate human immune responses, especially granuloma formation in TB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro systems for studying TB pathogenesis.
  • To highlight how 3D models bridge the gap between experimental research and clinical applications.
  • To emphasize the potential of 3D systems in addressing host and pathogen genetic variability in TB research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging three-dimensional (3D) in vitro systems, including organoids and lung-on-chip platforms.
  • Analysis of how these models recreate the structural and functional complexity of human lung granulomas.
  • Examination of cellular interactions, oxygen gradients, and nutrient limitations within 3D TB models.

Main Results:

  • 3D in vitro systems provide a more physiologically relevant platform for studying TB.
  • These models accurately recapitulate key features of tubercular granulomas, offering deeper insights into Mtb pathogenesis.
  • 3D systems facilitate the study of host-pathogen interactions, including genetic variability.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging 3D in vitro models represent a significant advancement in TB research.
  • These systems offer superior recapitulation of human lung physiology compared to traditional models.
  • 3D platforms hold promise for accelerating the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TB.