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Updated: May 12, 2026

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators
Published on: May 29, 2014
A Review on Micro-Watts All-Digital Frequency Synthesizers
Venkadasamy Navaneethan1,2, Boon Chiat Terence Teo1,3, Annamalai Arasu Muthukumaraswamy2
1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
Abstract:
This paper reviews recent developments in highly integrated all-digital frequency synthesizers suitable to deploy in low-power internet-of-things (IoT) applications. This review sets low power consumption as a key criterion for exploring the all-digital frequency synthesizer implemented in CMOS fabrication technology. The alignment with mainstream CMOS technology offers high-density, comprehensive, robust signal processing capability, making it very suitable for all-digital phase-locked loops to harvest that capacity, and it becomes inevitable. This review includes various divider-less low-power frequency synthesizers, including all-digital phase-locked loops (ADPLL), all-digital frequency-locked loops (ADFLL), and hybrid PLLs. This paper also discusses the latest architectural developments for ADPLLs to lead to low-power implementation, such as DTC-assisted TDC, embedded TDC, and various levels of hybridization in ADPLLs.
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