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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

Conduction System of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow...

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

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Updated: May 11, 2025

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Published on: April 21, 2014

When the conduction disturbance expresses a cardiomyopathy.

Leonardo Calò¹, Cinzia Crescenzi¹, Fabiana Romeo¹

¹Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy.

European Heart Journal Supplements : Journal of the European Society of Cardiology

|April 18, 2025

Summary

Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities can be early indicators of cardiomyopathies. Careful ECG interpretation aids in diagnosis, prognosis, and identifying sudden cardiac death risk.

Keywords:

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy Conduction disturbances Electrocardiogram

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Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

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Last Updated: May 11, 2025

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

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Published on: April 21, 2014

Preclinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Assessment by Dual Voltage and Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

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Published on: June 16, 2020

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

Published on: July 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Cardiomyopathies are often insidious, making early detection challenging.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities can signal underlying cardiac muscle diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical role of ECG in diagnosing and managing cardiomyopathies.
To emphasize ECG's utility in risk stratification and predicting sudden cardiac death.

Main Methods:

Review of ECG findings in various cardiomyopathies.
Analysis of ECG's diagnostic and prognostic value.

Main Results:

Specific ECG abnormalities can suggest definite cardiomyopathies.
ECG findings aid in early patient recognition and risk assessment.
ECG interpretation is crucial for disease evolution evaluation.

Conclusions:

Electrocardiogram is a cornerstone in the diagnostic workup of cardiomyopathies.
ECG provides essential tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification.
Early recognition and risk assessment through ECG can improve patient outcomes.