Cocoa Pod Husk Valorization Through Rhizopus stolonifer Solid-State Fermentation: Enhancement in Antioxidant Activity

Cocoa pod husk (CPH), a significant agricultural byproduct of cocoa production, presents an opportunity for sustainable valorization through biotechnological methods. This study aimed to enhance the nutritional, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties of CPH using solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Rhizopus stolonifer. Physicochemical characterization confirmed CPH's suitability for SSF, providing a nutrient-rich and favorable environment for fungal growth. The fermentation process significantly improved protein recovery (11.327 ± 0.859 mg g^-1) and antioxidant activity, with ORAC (51.68 ± 0.35 mmol TE g^-1) and DPPH (7.09 ± 0.05 µmol TE g^-1) assays demonstrating marked increases in redox potential, particularly at 144 h and 96 h of fermentation, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the generation of bioactive compounds in fermented CPH (CPHF), including methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, 10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid, and palmitic acid, which are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Additionally, phenolic compounds are biotransformed into more bioavailable forms, further enhancing the functional value of the material. This work demonstrates that SSF can effectively transform CPH from an agricultural waste product into a high-value biomaterial with potential applications in functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. By addressing waste management challenges and promoting the development of innovative bio-based products, this study highlights the promising role of SSF in advancing sustainable and circular biotechnological solutions.