Bio-Functionalized MXenes: Synthesis and Versatile Applications

MXenes exhibit remarkable properties, including high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, outstanding mechanical strength, and notable hydrophilicity. Recent advancements in bio-functionalization have further enhanced these intrinsic characteristics, unlocking unprecedented opportunities for MXenes across a wide spectrum of applications in both biomedical and environmental domains. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the synthesis strategies and functionalization techniques that improve MXenes' biocompatibility and expand their potential uses in cutting-edge applications, including implantable and wearable devices, drug delivery systems, cancer therapies, tissue engineering, and advanced sensing technologies. Moreover, the review explores the utility of bio-functionalized MXenes in areas such as corrosion protection, water purification, and food safety sensors, underscoring their versatility in addressing urgent global challenges. By conducting a critical evaluation of current research, this review not only highlights the immense potential of bio-functionalized MXenes but also identifies pivotal gaps in the literature, offering clear pathways for future exploration and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.