Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.2K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.2K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.2K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.1K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
2.4K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.4K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.4K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.3K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[An analysis of the cause and countermeasure of death of patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome].

Zhonghua er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery·2010
Same author

Involvement of ERK 1/2 activation in electroacupuncture pretreatment via cannabinoid CB1 receptor in rats.

Brain research·2010
Same author

The Regional Network for Asian Schistosomiasis and Other Helminth Zoonoses (RNAS(+)) target diseases in face of climate change.

Advances in parasitology·2010
Same author

Monomeric type I and type III transforming growth factor-β receptors and their dimerization revealed by single-molecule imaging.

Cell research·2010
Same author

Quantitative prediction of the thermal motion and intrinsic disorder of protein cofactors in crystalline state: a case study on halide anions.

Journal of theoretical biology·2010
Same author

Structure determination of selaginellins G and H from Selaginella pulvinata by NMR spectroscopy.

Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC·2010
Same journal

Composite fault-tolerant predictive control strategy for PMSM demagnetization faults.

ISA transactions·2026
Same journal

Bias-compensated Q-learning for optimal tracking control under denial-of-service attacks.

ISA transactions·2026
Same journal

Motion prediction for leader manipulator of teleoperation system with large time delay based on inverse optimal control.

ISA transactions·2026
Same journal

Neural network parameter identification-based prescribed-time adaptive control for morphing glide aircraft.

ISA transactions·2026
Same journal

Nonlinear system-guided continuous-time generalization for cross-aircraft engine state monitoring.

ISA transactions·2026
Same journal

Predefined-time distributed optimal formation control for constrained UAV-UGV systems.

ISA transactions·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
09:17

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Published on: January 30, 2015

11.8K

Optimal control of PVC polymerization process with set values based on TD3 algorithm.

Shuzhi Gao1, Qing Liu2, Shiwei Yang2

  • 1Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.

ISA Transactions
|May 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a data-driven control method for PVC polymerization, addressing time scale differences between operation and base loop computing. The approach combines iterative lifting and TD3 algorithm for enhanced process control.

Keywords:
Data drivenPVC aggregation processRun optimization controlSetpointTD3 algorithm

More Related Videos

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications
09:08

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Published on: August 30, 2018

12.3K
Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
07:32

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

33.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
09:17

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Published on: January 30, 2015

11.8K
Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications
09:08

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Published on: August 30, 2018

12.3K
Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
07:32

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

33.6K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Polymer Science
  • Control Systems

Background:

  • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization presents challenges due to disparate time scales in operation and base loop computations.
  • Establishing accurate nonlinear models for the operation layer in PVC polymerization is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a data-based run-level control method for PVC polymerization that overcomes time scale discrepancies.
  • To address the complexities of nonlinear modeling in the operation layer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an iterative lifting technique to synchronize the time scales of the base loop and operation layers.
  • Integrated the closed-loop base system into the operational layer model, augmenting it for generalized control objects.
  • Employed the TD3 (Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic policy gradient) algorithm, a model-free deep reinforcement learning approach, for online strategy iteration.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created generalized control objects for the operation layer, using cyclic layer set values as inputs and operation indices as outputs.
  • Implemented an online strategy iteration algorithm with synchronized updating of value function and control strategy.
  • Demonstrated a data-based approach to effectively manage the multi-time scale nature of PVC polymerization control.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed data-based run-level control method effectively handles the different time scales in PVC polymerization.
  • The combination of iterative lifting and the TD3 algorithm offers a robust solution for complex industrial process control.
  • This approach provides a viable alternative to traditional modeling methods for challenging polymerization processes.