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Fineness Modulus01:19

Fineness Modulus

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The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Filtration00:53

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Filtration is a physical separation process that involves passing a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. During filtration, solids collect on the porous medium while liquids, also collectively known as the filtrate, pass through. The filtration medium is selected based on the filtration purpose, quantity, and nature of the precipitate. The general criteria for a suitable filtering medium are that it is inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved...
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) induces microRNA-192-5p causing glomerular damage.

Melina Yarbakht1, George Sarau2, Yanyi Xu3

  • 1Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|May 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Air pollution, specifically fine particulate matter (PM2.5), may trigger membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) by causing inflammation and altering microRNA-192-5p expression, which affects kidney cell function.

Keywords:
Air pollutionPM(2.5)glomerulusmembranous glomerulonephritispodocytesproteinuriazebrafish model

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Environmental Health
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies suggest a link between air pollution and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN).
  • The precise causal relationship and underlying pathomechanisms, including the role of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) antibodies and microRNA-192-5p, remain unclear.
  • The trigger for these molecular changes in MGN pathogenesis is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential role of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the pathogenesis of membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN).
  • To characterize PM2.5 and assess its effects on glomerular function and ultrastructure in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of PM2.5 using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.
  • Exposure of cultured human podocytes, zebrafish, and mice to PM2.5.
  • Assessment of glomerular markers, gene expression (microRNA-192-5p, NPNT, PLA2R1), kidney function (proteinuria, albuminuria), and glomerular ultrastructure.
  • Analysis of inflammatory response and oxidative stress via BulkRNA seq and qPCR in zebrafish.

Main Results:

  • PM2.5 exposure reduced podocyte-specific markers and upregulated microRNA-192-5p.
  • Downregulation of nephronectin (NPNT) and upregulation of PLA2R1 were observed following PM2.5 exposure.
  • Zebrafish larvae exposed to PM2.5 exhibited edema, proteinuria, glomerular damage, and increased inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
  • Mice exposed to ambient PM2.5 developed glomerular damage, albuminuria, and pulmonary microRNA-192-5p upregulation.

Conclusions:

  • PM2.5 may contribute to the development of MGN through inflammatory pathways.
  • PM2.5 can induce microRNA-192-5p, affecting gene expression critical for glomerular cell function.
  • These findings suggest a potential causal link between air pollution and MGN pathogenesis.