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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

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Published on: July 10, 2018

Application of pulse width modulation control in EHD waveform to optimize printing performance.

Dongqiao Bai¹, Jin Huang², Hongxiao Gong³

¹State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, PR China.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering

|June 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) enhances electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing for advanced manufacturing. This technique improves jetting stability, reduces droplet size, and minimizes defects for high-resolution 3D printing applications.

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Area of Science:

Advanced Manufacturing
Materials Science
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing offers high-resolution 3D printing for electronics and bioelectronics.
Current EHD printing faces challenges including waveform control, material limits, satellite droplets, and charge buildup.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate pulse-width modulation (PWM) as a method to improve EHD printing performance.
To analyze the effects of duty cycles and pulse subdivisions on EHD printing dynamics and outcomes.

Main Methods:

Systematic experimental and simulation-based investigation of PWM control in EHD printing.
Analysis of jetting dynamics, droplet formation, charge accumulation, and pattern quality under varying PWM parameters.

Main Results:

PWM modulation significantly enhances jetting stability and printing precision.
Achieved up to a 25% reduction in droplet diameter and minimized satellite droplet formation.
Effectively mitigated charge accumulation and improved the quality of printed patterns.

Conclusions:

PWM control offers a viable solution to enhance EHD printing capabilities.
The proposed method is compatible with existing setups, enabling high-resolution, stable, and versatile 3D printing.
PWM-controlled EHD printing holds significant potential for advanced electronics and functional device manufacturing.