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Testing the Identical Effect on Predicted and Actual Memory Through Pictorial Stimuli.

Miri Besken1, Gizem Filiz1,2

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People overestimate memory for identical image pairs, a phenomenon called the identical effect. This illusion persists with images, influenced by both processing ease and prior beliefs.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The identical effect describes the tendency to predict better memory for identical word pairs than related ones, despite superior recall for related pairs.
  • This phenomenon suggests a disconnect between subjective confidence in memory and actual memory performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the identical effect extends to pictorial materials.
  • To explore the roles of processing fluency and a priori beliefs in this illusion with visual stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied various image pairs (identical, related, unrelated, etc.) and made judgments of learning (JOLs).
  • Memory was assessed using a cued four-alternative forced-choice (4-AFC) recognition test.
  • Image identification speed was measured to gauge processing fluency.

Main Results:

  • Identical image pairs elicited higher JOLs than related pairs, mirroring the verbal identical effect.
  • Despite higher confidence, identical pairs showed equivalent or poorer recall compared to related pairs.
  • Faster identification of identical pairs suggested increased processing fluency, but this did not consistently predict JOLs.

Conclusions:

  • The identical effect is observable with pictorial materials, extending beyond verbal stimuli.
  • Both processing fluency and pre-existing beliefs contribute to JOLs, with beliefs playing a significant role in the identical effect.
  • Processing fluency alone does not fully account for the discrepancy between predicted and actual memory for image pairs.