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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Technique of Conjunctival Biopsy and Direct Immunofluorescence for Diagnosing Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
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Technique of Conjunctival Biopsy and Direct Immunofluorescence for Diagnosing Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

Published on: June 17, 2025

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[Pemphigoid gestationis].

Anne-Johanne Andersen1, Henrik Thormann2, Shailajah Kamaleswaran1

  • 1Hudafdeling I og Allergicentret, Odense Universitetshospital.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|June 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a rare pregnancy-related autoimmune skin condition. Early diagnosis of PG is vital due to associated risks of preterm birth, small for gestational age, and low birth weight.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Obstetrics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a rare autoimmune blistering disease of pregnancy.
  • Historically misnamed herpes gestationis, it is unrelated to herpes viruses.
  • Typically manifesting in the second or third trimester, PG presents as pruritic papules and plaques, potentially evolving into vesicles and bullae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation and diagnostic considerations of Pemphigoid gestationis.
  • To highlight the association between Pemphigoid gestationis and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • To emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of PG.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Pemphigoid gestationis.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics and epidemiological data.

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  • Synthesis of evidence regarding pregnancy complications.

    • Main Results:

    • Pemphigoid gestationis typically initiates around the umbilicus and extends to flexural regions.
    • The condition is linked to increased risks, including preterm birth.
    • Studies suggest a correlation with small for gestational age and low birth weight infants.

    Conclusions:

    • Pemphigoid gestationis requires prompt diagnosis for optimal management.
    • Recognizing PG is crucial for mitigating potential fetal and neonatal complications.
    • Further research may elucidate specific management strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes.