Paediatric T-condylar fracture of distal humerus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus are rare pediatric injuries. There is no consensus regarding ideal management and clinical outcomes for these injuries. The current review was planned to comprehensively review existing evidence regarding these rare pediatric fractures. A literature search was performed to identify the articles on pediatric T-condylar distal humerus fractures (1950-2024). Patient data was categorized under two groups: groups A (≤8 years old) and B (9-18 years). Finally, 32 articles were reviewed. Groups A and B included 25 and 148 patients, respectively. A majority of patients were males (72.3%) in both groups. 100% and 95.3% (141) of patients in groups A and B, respectively, were managed surgically [closed/open reduction and internal fixation (CR/ORIF)]. IF was predominantly done using Kirschner wire (K-wire) in group A. In group B, IF was performed using plate/screw/K-wire. There was no significant difference in complication rates between the groups [3/10 and 39/62 complications were observed in groups A and B, respectively; Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio:0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-1.14; Z = 1.75, P = 0.08; Chi-square = 3.23, P = 0.66; I2 = 0%)]. 87.5% in group A and 91.8% in group B had excellent; and good to excellent outcomes, respectively. The final elbow range of motion was significantly higher in group A (vs. group B; mean difference:13.91°; 95% CI: 6.93°-20.89°; test of overall effect: z = 3.91, P < 0.0001). Surgical management (i.e. ORIF) is the preferred intervention in pediatric T-condylar fractures. K-wire fixation is the most common operative technique. Overall complication rate is 58.3% (irrespective of age and treatment). Postinjury stiffness is more common in older children (>8 years).