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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia
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Emotion Labeling in Pigeons.

Jordan Nerz1, Cheyenne R Elliott1, Marisa Melo1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Dr.Fort Worth, Box 298920, Attn, TX 76129 USA.

Affective Science
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pigeons learned to label affective states induced by food or its absence. This demonstrates that non-human animals can generalize emotion labeling to new situations, similar to humans.

Keywords:
Animal cognitionCore affectDiscriminationEmotion

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative psychology
  • Animal cognition
  • Behavioral neuroscience

Background:

  • Humans label affective states, a skill crucial for social interaction.
  • Previous animal models for emotion labeling are limited by controllability of affective states.
  • Affect can be conceptualized in a two-dimensional space (pleasure and arousal).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if pigeons can label distinct affective states induced by specific outcomes.
  • To determine if this labeling behavior transfers to novel conditions.
  • To explore the cues pigeons use for affect labeling.

Main Methods:

  • Pigeons were trained to associate visual stimuli (A, B, C) with outcomes (food delivery or omission).
  • Labeling responses were required following specific outcomes on 'A' trials.
  • Performance was tested on novel stimuli (B, C) and under conditions minimizing external cues.

Main Results:

  • All pigeons accurately labeled the affective states.
  • Labeling generalized appropriately to novel visual stimuli (B and C).
  • Pigeons likely utilized more than just external visual cues for labeling.

Conclusions:

  • Pigeons exhibit emotion labeling capabilities analogous to humans.
  • This study provides a controllable animal model for studying affect labeling.
  • Findings suggest a basis for understanding the evolution of emotion labeling.