Immunotherapy Complications: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Immunology
• Emergency Medicine

Background:

• Cancer immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is expanding.
• Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are frequent and diverse, affecting multiple organ systems.
• The varied presentation of irAEs challenges emergency physicians in acute care settings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
• To outline the evaluation and management strategies for irAEs.
• To assist emergency physicians in recognizing and managing irAEs in the acute care setting.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of literature on immune-related adverse events.
• Organ system-specific analysis of irAE presentation and management.
• Guideline development for emergency department evaluation and treatment.

Main Results:

• irAEs manifest across all major organ systems with diverse clinical presentations.
• Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial for favorable patient outcomes.
• Differential diagnosis of irAEs requires consideration of non-immune-related conditions.

Conclusions:

• A structured approach to irAE evaluation and management is essential for emergency physicians.
• Understanding the spectrum of irAEs improves patient care in acute settings.
• Multidisciplinary collaboration enhances the management of complex irAE cases.