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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?
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Advancing Cancer-Targeted Nanotherapies with Tumor Homing Peptides.

Antonella Rocchi1,2, Tambet Teesalu2,3, Christian Celia1,4,5

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science
|July 17, 2025
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Summary

Smart nanoparticles offer revolutionary anticancer drug delivery. Tumor-homing peptides like C-end Rule (CendR) peptides enhance targeted delivery and tissue penetration for precision nanomedicine.

Keywords:
C-end Rule peptidesactive targetinghoming peptideiRGDnanoparticleprecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Smart nanoparticles are advancing precision medicine for cancer treatment.
  • Preclinical and clinical studies show promise for anticancer nanoparticles.
  • Challenges remain in achieving selective tumor accumulation and deep tissue penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in peptide-targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing nanoparticle tumor targeting and penetration.
  • To underscore the role of tumor-homing peptides in precision nanomedicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical studies on anticancer nanoparticles.
  • Analysis of affinity targeting strategies using ligands like homing peptides and antibodies.
  • Focus on the mechanism of C-end Rule (CendR) peptides for enhanced targeting and penetration.

Main Results:

  • Peptide-targeted nanoparticles demonstrate improved selectivity and efficacy.
  • C-end Rule (CendR) peptides facilitate multistep targeting and tissue penetration.
  • These strategies minimize off-target effects and improve drug delivery efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide-targeted nanoparticles represent a significant evolution in nanomedicine.
  • Tumor-homing peptides are crucial for overcoming delivery challenges in cancer therapy.
  • Further development of these nanoparticles holds promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment.