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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

192
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
192
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
267
Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

2.0K
Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles...
2.0K
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters01:22

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

437
The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...
437

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients
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Rational QbD-based Assessment of Formulation Ingredients' Impact on Sustainable Sunscreen Physical Stability.

Larissa Carniel1, Marina Gomes1, Giovana Carolina Bazzo1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study used a Quality by Design approach to optimize sustainable sunscreen formulations. Mathematical models predicted optimal ingredient concentrations for enhanced physical stability and performance.

Keywords:
EmulsionQuality by designStabilitySunscreenSustainable cosmetic

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional cosmetic emulsion development relies on inefficient trial-and-error methods.
  • Sustainable sunscreen formulation requires a systematic approach to ensure efficacy and stability.
  • Quality by Design (QbD) offers a robust framework for optimizing complex formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply a Quality by Design approach for optimizing sustainable sunscreen formulations.
  • To investigate the impact of key ingredients on the physical stability and rheological properties of sunscreen emulsions.
  • To develop predictive mathematical models for optimal sunscreen composition.

Main Methods:

  • Employed 2^3 full factorial designs to assess ingredient effects on emulsified vehicle viscosity and instability.
  • Evaluated the influence of active ingredients (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) and stabilizers (phytic acid) on sunscreen instability.
  • Utilized robust mathematical modeling to predict optimal formulation parameters.

Main Results:

  • Self-emulsifier, co-emulsifier, and gelling agent concentrations significantly influenced emulsified vehicle viscosity and stability.
  • Zinc oxide and phytic acid concentrations were primary drivers of sunscreen formulation instability.
  • Developed predictive models identified optimal concentrations: 8% self-emulsifier, 3% co-emulsifier, 0.3% gelling agent, 6.3% zinc oxide, 2% titanium dioxide, and 1% phytic acid.

Conclusions:

  • The QbD approach successfully optimized sustainable sunscreen formulations for physical stability and performance.
  • Mathematical models accurately predicted ingredient concentrations for desired product attributes.
  • Optimized formulations met Quality Target Product Profiles, including SPF, water resistance, and antioxidant properties.