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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

7.1K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.4K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
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Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes

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Nanotechnology-based mRNA vaccines.

Shuying Chen1,2, Xiangang Huang1,2, Yonger Xue3,4,2

  • 1Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

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Nanotechnology enhances messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines by protecting their delicate molecules and improving delivery. This approach boosts vaccine efficacy for treating diseases and preventing infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines, including rapid development and high efficacy.
  • Challenges remain in mRNA vaccine delivery due to the inherent instability and degradation of mRNA molecules.
  • Nanotechnology presents promising solutions for overcoming delivery hurdles and enhancing mRNA vaccine potency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a modular strategy for developing biomaterials and nanotechnology for mRNA vaccines.
  • To focus on particle design, formulation assessment, and therapeutic uses of nanotech-enabled mRNA vaccines.
  • To explore mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated mRNA protection, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and immune response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of nanotechnology-based approaches for mRNA vaccine development.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle design principles for mRNA delivery.
  • Evaluation of formulation parameters impacting manufacturing and clinical use.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticles protect mRNA from degradation, facilitate cellular uptake, and promote endosomal escape.
  • Key manufacturing and clinical implementation parameters for nanomaterial-based mRNA vaccines are identified.
  • The potential of nanotechnology to amplify mRNA vaccine potency is demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Nanotechnology is crucial for advancing mRNA vaccine technology.
  • Further research into nanoparticle design and formulation is needed for optimal clinical translation.
  • Nanomaterial-enhanced mRNA vaccines hold significant promise for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.