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Related Concept Videos

Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

867
Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
867

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Updated: May 7, 2026

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Content Validity for a 3D-Printed Model for Simulation-Based Training of Basic Epistaxis Management.

Sarah Forslund Jacobsen1, Morten Bo Søndergaard Svendsen, Jacob Melchiors

  • 1From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.F.J., J.M., S.A.W.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES) (S.F.J., M.B.S.S., J.M., S.A.W.A.), Center for HR and Education, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Simulation in Healthcare : Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare
|August 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel 3D-printed simulator effectively trains basic epistaxis management skills. Content validity was confirmed, indicating its suitability for training medical students and junior doctors in managing nosebleeds.

Keywords:
3-dimensional printingEpistaxismedical educationsimulation-based trainingtechnical skills

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Simulation
  • Surgical Skills Training
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Basic epistaxis (nosebleed) management training is often insufficient during medical education.
  • Developing effective simulation tools is crucial for hands-on procedural skills acquisition.
  • This study addresses the need for a validated training model for epistaxis management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D-printed simulator for epistaxis management training.
  • To gather content validity evidence for the developed simulator.
  • To assess the model's suitability for training novices in basic epistaxis management.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D-printed simulator was constructed using available designs, incorporating tubing for anterior bleeding simulation.
  • Ten otorhinolaryngologists evaluated the model's realism and functionality.
  • Content validity was assessed using Messick's framework, focusing on technical skills representation.

Main Results:

  • The 3D-printed model's external appearance and resistance during nasal tamponade insertion were rated highly by experts (mean scores 3.9 and 4.7/5).
  • The nasal cavity's spaciousness was noted as slightly unrealistic compared to clinical conditions.
  • Iterative refinement involved content experts to enhance model features.

Conclusions:

  • A 3D-printed simulator for basic epistaxis management training was successfully developed and validated.
  • Content experts found the model adequately represents the technical challenges for novice learners.
  • The simulator is a promising tool for enhancing practical skills in epistaxis management for medical students and junior doctors.