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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
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Optimisation of an nIR-Emitting Benzoporphyrin Pressure-Sensitive Paint Formulation.

Elliott J Nunn1, Louise S Natrajan1, Mark K Quinn2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 14, 2025
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Summary

This study optimizes near-infrared-emitting benzoporphyrin luminophores in pressure-sensitive paints (PSPs) for wind tunnel testing. An optimal loading of 1.28% resulted in high pressure sensitivity and low temperature sensitivity, enhancing PSP performance.

Keywords:
benzoporphyrinsformulation optimizationluminescenceoptical sensors for wind tunnel testingpressure-sensitive paints

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Area of Science:

  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Optical Sensing

Background:

  • Pressure-sensitive paints (PSPs) are optical sensors for measuring surface pressure on vehicle models in wind tunnels.
  • Porphyrins, particularly red-emitting platinum(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorphenyl)-porphyrin, are standard luminophores in PSPs.
  • Near-infrared (nIR)-emitting luminophores offer advantages over visible emitters, including wider spectral windows for dual-luminophore systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying luminophore loading on PSP performance.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of nIR-emitting para-CF3 Pt(II) benzoporphyrin in PSP formulations.
  • To identify optimal conditions for high-performance PSPs using benzoporphyrin luminophores.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of PSPs with varying concentrations of nIR-emitting benzoporphyrin luminophore in a polystyrene binder.
  • Characterization of PSP performance metrics, including pressure sensitivity and temperature sensitivity.
  • Optimization of luminophore loading percentage (wt/wt) relative to the binder.

Main Results:

  • An optimal luminophore loading of 1.28% wt/wt benzoporphyrin to polystyrene binder was determined.
  • The optimized PSP formulation exhibited low temperature sensitivity (0.61%/K at 100 kPa).
  • The formulation achieved high pressure sensitivity (0.740%/kPa at 293 K).

Conclusions:

  • Benzoporphyrin luminophores are effective for developing next-generation PSPs.
  • Optimized benzoporphyrin-based PSPs demonstrate superior performance compared to current commercial options.
  • This research highlights the potential of nIR-emitting luminophores for advanced aerodynamic testing applications.