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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

509
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

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Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: A Team Science Approach.

Max Duesberg1, Alexis LeVee2, Hannah Chang2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA.

Cancer Treatment and Research
|August 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), is transforming breast cancer treatment, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Research shows ICIs improve survival in metastatic and early-stage TNBC, with ongoing studies exploring new strategies and biomarkers.

Keywords:
BiomarkersImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune-related adverse eventsNeoadjuvant therapyPD-1/PD-L1Triple-negative breast cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Breast cancer treatment has been significantly advanced by immunotherapy, particularly for the triple-negative subtype (TNBC).
  • TNBC exhibits characteristics like high tumor mutational burden and PD-L1 expression, making it responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
  • Established clinical trials have led to regulatory approvals for ICIs in specific TNBC settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current impact and future directions of immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment.
  • To highlight the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
  • To discuss emerging strategies, biomarkers, and toxicity management in breast cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pivotal clinical trials (e.g., KEYNOTE-355, KEYNOTE-522) evaluating ICIs in breast cancer.
  • Analysis of characteristics of TNBC that contribute to immunotherapy response.
  • Exploration of ongoing research into novel immunotherapeutic approaches and predictive biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Addition of pembrolizumab (an ICI) to chemotherapy improved progression-free and overall survival in metastatic TNBC with PD-L1 expression.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus ICI is now a standard of care for early-stage TNBC (stages II-III), improving pathologic complete response and event-free survival.
  • Immunotherapy efficacy in HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer is under active investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly ICIs, has become a cornerstone in treating various breast cancer subtypes, especially TNBC.
  • Future directions involve exploring novel combinations, cellular therapies, vaccines, and advanced biomarkers for personalized treatment.
  • A multidisciplinary, biomarker-guided approach is crucial for optimizing immunotherapy outcomes and managing toxicities in breast cancer care.