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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

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Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Protein Acetylation and NAD+ Homeostasis in Aging Muscle.

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Aging disrupts protein acetylation balance due to declining NAD+ levels, impacting cellular functions. Maintaining NAD+ homeostasis is crucial for combating age-related decline and supporting skeletal muscle health.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Protein hyperacetylation is a stressor in aging organisms.
  • NAD+ homeostasis is critical for regulating acetylation/deacetylation balance.
  • NAD+ serves as a coenzyme and substrate for key enzymes like SIRTs, PARP-1, and CD38.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review NAD+ metabolic functions and its role in cell signaling.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of NAD+ degradation and biosynthesis.
  • To identify challenges in maintaining NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NAD+ metabolism and homeostasis.
  • Analysis of factors affecting NAD+ levels, including aging and exercise.
  • Examination of dietary supplementation effects on NAD+.

Main Results:

  • Aging and muscular contraction increase NAD+ consumption.
  • NAD+ replenishment is limited by precursor availability and enzyme expression.
  • Cellular NAD+ levels are influenced by aging, exercise, and diet.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining NAD+ homeostasis is vital for cellular function during aging.
  • Skeletal muscle NAD+ levels face significant challenges with age.
  • Physical activity and dietary interventions may impact NAD+ homeostasis.