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Evaluating Temporomandibular Disorder Severity: A Four-Dimensional Model.

Adrian Ujin Yap1,2,3, Jie Lei1,4,5,6,7, Chengge Liu1,4,5,6,7

  • 1Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.

Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology
|August 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new tool, the 5Ts-4D, effectively measures temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) severity. This reliable and valid instrument aids in better patient management and treatment strategies for TMD.

Keywords:
quality of lifescreeningseveritysymptomstemporomandibular disordersvalidity

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Dental Research
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) pose a significant challenge in diagnosis and management.
  • Existing diagnostic criteria for TMDs require a more comprehensive severity assessment tool.
  • The five core symptoms (5Ts) of the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs (DC/TMD) provide a basis for evaluating TMD severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a multi-dimensional model for assessing TMD severity.
  • To expand the 5Ts screener by incorporating duration, frequency, intensity, and interference (5Ts-4D).
  • To evaluate the reliability and validity of the 5Ts-4D in diverse TMD patient groups.

Main Methods:

  • The 5Ts-4D was developed by adding four dimensions to the existing 5Ts screener.
  • Participants with no TMD (NT), intra-articular TMD (IT), pain-related TMD (PT), and combined TMD (CT) were recruited.
  • The 5Ts-4D, GCPS, JFLS-8, and OHIP-TMD were administered; reliability and validity were tested.

Main Results:

  • The 5Ts-4D demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.83-0.95) and reliability (ICC 0.51-0.97).
  • The tool showed significant differences between TMD groups (PT, CT, IT vs. NT).
  • Convergent validity was confirmed through strong correlations with JFLS-8 and OHIP-TMD.

Conclusions:

  • The 5Ts-4D is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing TMD symptoms and severity.
  • This tool offers a straightforward approach to evaluating TMD.
  • The 5Ts-4D can contribute to improved management strategies for patients with TMDs.