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Adversity is associated with lower general processing speed rather than executive functioning.

Stefan Vermeent1, Anna-Lena Schubert2, Willem E Frankenhuis1

  • 1Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adversity exposure, particularly threat in adulthood, negatively impacts general processing speed, not specific executive functions (EF). Childhood adversity affects processing speed and task-specific information accumulation, not distinct EF abilities. This suggests EF research may overestimate adversity's impact on specific cognitive skills.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Adversity exposure is linked to executive functioning (EF) deficits or adaptations.
  • Current research often uses raw performance metrics, conflating cognitive processes and task-general abilities.
  • Distinguishing task-general factors from specific EF abilities is crucial for accurate assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate deficit and adaptation frameworks of adversity and EF.
  • To differentiate task-general cognitive processes from specific EF abilities using cognitive modeling.
  • To investigate the associations between childhood and adulthood adversity exposure and distinct cognitive processes.

Main Methods:

  • Employed drift diffusion modeling to isolate information accumulation, response caution, and stimulus encoding/response execution speeds.
  • Utilized structural equation modeling to examine task-general versus ability-specific associations.
  • Recruited 1,061 participants and administered processing speed, inhibition, and attention-shifting tasks, alongside self-reported adversity measures.

Main Results:

  • Adulthood threat exposure negatively correlated with task-general processing speed.
  • After controlling for task-general processes, no significant associations remained with inhibition or attention-shifting abilities.
  • Childhood deprivation and threat exposure were linked to reduced general processing speed and task-specific information accumulation, reflecting task nuances rather than specific EF.

Conclusions:

  • Raw performance measures in EF research may inflate the perceived impact of adversity on specific cognitive abilities.
  • Cognitive modeling offers a more nuanced approach to understanding the relationship between adversity and cognitive processes.
  • Future research should employ advanced modeling techniques to disentangle task-general effects from specific EF abilities when studying adversity impacts.