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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy
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Who Are the Space Invaders? Planetary Protection and the Role of Biological Interactions between Extraterrestrial and

D E Betsy Pugel1, John D Rummel2

  • 1Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA betsy.pugel@nasa.gov.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|September 2, 2025
PubMed
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