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Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

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Methods for assessing submarining occurrence in PMHS frontal sled tests: Exploring potential indicators.

Karthik Somasundaram1,2, Klaus Driesslein1,2, Anjishnu Banerjee3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Traffic Injury Prevention
|September 10, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Submarining in Post-Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests is better predicted using lap belt load, pelvis rotation, and torso-knee angle. Softer seats and reclined positions increase submarining risk, especially for smaller occupants.

Keywords:
Submarining indicatorsautomated vehiclefrontal collisionobesereclinedsmall females

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Injury Prevention
  • Automotive Safety Research
  • Human Body Modeling

Background:

  • Assessing submarining in Post-Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests, particularly with obese subjects, presents significant challenges.
  • Understanding submarining is crucial for improving vehicle safety and occupant protection during frontal impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify reliable kinetic and kinematic indicators for assessing submarining occurrence in PMHS frontal sled tests.
  • To develop a statistical model for predicting submarining probability based on these indicators and varying test conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 36 whole-body PMHS frontal sled tests with varied seat configurations, anthropometric profiles, crash pulses, and seatback angles.
  • Evaluation of seven response parameters including visual inspection, lap belt load, pelvis rotation, iliac bone fracture, torso-knee angle, hip-forward displacement, and anti-submarining plate deflection.
  • Development of a logistic regression model using bootstrap techniques and stepwise covariate selection to identify significant predictors of submarining.

Main Results:

  • High inter-observer agreement (98.5%, Kappa=0.95) confirmed the reliability of submarining assessments.
  • Lap belt load trace morphology, pelvis rotational displacement, and torso-knee angle were identified as the most significant predictors of submarining.
  • Submarining probability was highest with soft spring seats (33%), reclined seatbacks (21%), and for small female anthropometry (23%), while obese subjects showed lower likelihood (11%).

Conclusions:

  • Kinetic and kinematic indicators, specifically lap belt load, pelvis rotation, and torso-knee angle, can effectively predict submarining in PMHS tests.
  • Factors such as soft spring seats, reclined seatback angles, and smaller occupant size increase the likelihood of submarining.
  • The developed predictive model and identified factors can enhance computational human body models and improve injury prediction accuracy in automotive safety research.