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Advancing Multi-Touch Sensing: Integrating FTIR and ToF Technologies for Precise and Large-Scale Touch Interfaces.

Andrejs Ogurcovs¹, Ilze Aulika¹, Sergio Cartiel²

¹Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel multi-touch sensor integrating Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) with Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors. The innovative design offers precise, scalable, and cost-effective tactile sensing for large surfaces, even in bright conditions.

Keywords:

FTIR LIDAR Time-of-Flight frustrated total internal reflection light detection and ranging light guide optical sensing proximity sensing robotic sensor skin tactile sensing touch detection wave guide

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Tactile Sensing Technology
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Existing tactile sensing platforms like OptoSkin have limitations.
Integration of different sensing technologies is crucial for advanced interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an enhanced multi-touch sensor by integrating Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) with Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors.
To demonstrate a precise, scalable, and cost-effective tactile sensing solution for large surfaces.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 2 mm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) light guide (200 × 300 mm²).
Employed a single AMS TMF8828 ToF sensor as both illumination source and receiver.
Leveraged FTIR principles with a PMMA refractive index of 1.49 for signal propagation.

Main Results:

Achieved an optical field of view (FoV) of approximately 32 degrees for the ToF receiver.
Demonstrated a single ToF sensor covering an active area of 195 cm².
Attained a linear resolution of ~1 cm and angular resolution up to 3.5 degrees.
Showcased robust performance under direct sunlight conditions.

Conclusions:

Direct FTIR-ToF integration is feasible without external cameras or electrode arrays.
The proposed system enables precise, scalable, and cost-effective multi-touch sensing over large areas.
Sets a new benchmark for advanced tactile interfaces in consumer electronics, industrial control, and robotic skin applications.