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A Methodology for Designing a Roof Rainwater Quality Sensing-Recording-Grading System Using Low-Cost Sensors Paired

Santosh R Ghimire¹, Kurt Wolfe¹, John M Johnston¹

¹U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States.

ACS ES&T Water

|September 15, 2025

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A new system monitors roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) quality using low-cost sensors and smart applications. This validated system effectively tracks conductivity, temperature, and depth, ensuring reliable water quality data.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Sensor Technology
Water Resource Management

Background:

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly important for sustainable water management.
Monitoring RWH quality is crucial for ensuring water safety and usability.
Existing monitoring systems can be costly and complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a cost-effective sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system for roof RWH quality.
To monitor key RWH parameters including electrical conductivity, temperature, and depth.
To provide a robust methodology for data collection and analysis in RWH systems.

Main Methods:

Designed a prototype SRG system with low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, and Arduino IDE software.

Keywords:

conductivity rainwater quality rainwater sensor roof rainwater harvesting temperature

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Deployed the system to monitor a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff for seven months.

Established data validation protocols using an alternative sensor set and performed data cleaning for gaps.

Main Results:

The SRG system demonstrated robust performance with high correlations (conductivity: 0.99, temperature: 1.00) compared to validation sensors.
Monitored RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116 μS/cm, temperature from 5 to 29 °C, and depth from 29 to 838 mm.
Minimal data gaps were successfully managed, attributed to weather or hardware/software issues.

Conclusions:

The developed SRG system provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for monitoring roof RWH quality.
The validated sensor performance ensures accurate data collection for environmental and water management applications.
This methodology supports informed decision-making for RWH system implementation and maintenance.