[Impact of New Urbanization on Total Factor Productivity of Carbon]

Improving total factor productivity of carbon （TFPC） is an important way to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy and help achieve carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality goals. Therefore， exploring the impact of new-type urbanization on TFPC has great research significance. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of China from 2010 to 2021， TFPC was calculated using the super-efficiency EBM （epsilon-based measure） model of undesirable output. On this basis， the linear effect， nonlinear effect， and spatial spillover effect of new urbanization on TFPC were empirically tested by constructing a fixed effect model， threshold effect model， MMQR model， and spatial Durbin model. The study produced several interesting results： ① TFPC showed an overall increasing trend， but there were regional differences with the distribution characteristics of eastern > national > central > western. ② New urbanization can significantly promote TFPC， and this conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness and endogeneity tests. ③ New-type urbanization has a significant nonlinear effect on TFPC. On one hand， new-type urbanization has a double threshold effect on TFPC. After new-type urbanization crosses the threshold values of 0.459 and 0.514， its increasing effect on TFPC is also gradually enhanced. On the other hand， as the level of TPFC increases， the impact of new-type urbanization on TFPC also increases. ④ New urbanization has a significant spatial spillover effect on TFPC. It not only contributes to the improvement of TFPC in the province but also has a positive impact on the improvement of TFPC in neighboring provinces through the spatial spillover effect.