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High-income countries show significant health security disparities, with wealth not guaranteeing preparedness. Tailored policies and global cooperation are crucial for enhancing national and global health security systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health Security
  • Public Health Policy
  • International Relations

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in global health security systems, even among high-income nations.
  • Existing research often provides generalized assessments, failing to capture the nuanced internal dynamics of health security performance.
  • A deeper understanding of health security capacities and disparities within high-income countries is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify latent factors defining health security capacities in high-income countries (HICs).
  • To cluster HICs based on identified health security factors to reveal performance patterns.
  • To address the gap in research regarding the complex internal dynamics of health security in HICs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multistage analytical framework with the 2017-2021 Global Health Security Index (GHSI) dataset.
  • Applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation to 37 GHSI indicators, identifying nine principal components.
  • Employed K-means clustering using three scenarios: average scores across components, high-loading indicators, and aggregated GHSI category scores.

Main Results:

  • Nine components explained 74.50% of total differences; the first component accounted for 37.62%.
  • Clustering revealed four distinct levels of health security preparedness among HICs, indicating significant disparities.
  • Nauru, Cook Islands, and Palau consistently ranked lowest, demonstrating critical gaps in foundational capacities and systemic readiness.

Conclusions:

  • Health security preparedness is not solely determined by economic status; wealth does not guarantee readiness.
  • Findings highlight distinct performance patterns and vulnerabilities across HICs, necessitating tailored policy interventions.
  • Emphasizes the need for multi-method evaluations and sustained global cooperation to bolster health security resilience and guide investments.