[Diagnosis and treatment dyskinesias in pediatrics]

Dyskinesias encompass a range of hyperkinetic involuntary movements that may occur in isolation or in combination. In this review, we focus on four key movement types: dystonia, chorea, ballism, and athetosis. We begin by defining each of these phenomenologies. Next, we explore the etiologies of dyskinetic disorders in the pediatric population, which span a broad spectrum and include cerebral palsy, genetic syndromes, acquired brain injuries, and autoimmune conditions. We then provide an overview of dyskinetic disorders, highlighting specific diagnostic pearls. A particular focus is given to status dystonicus, the most severe and life-threatening form of dystonia exacerbation. Though it can occur in any patient with dyskinesia, it is most associated with genetic forms. Finally, we discuss both pharmacologic and surgical treatments -including deep brain stimulation- using a phenomenology-based approach to management.