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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
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Active Transport01:14

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Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
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Entropic Modulation of Divalent Cation Transport.

Yechan Noh1, Demian Riccardi2, Alex Smolyanitsky2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transporting divalent cations through subnanoscale pores involves overcoming energy barriers. This study reveals that cation hydration shells rotate and order within the pore, creating a tight transition state that influences transport mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Aqueous cations permeate subnanoscale pores via energy barriers.
  • Monovalent cation transport is well-studied, but divalent cations present unique challenges due to higher desolvation costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transport mechanisms of divalent cations through subnanoscale pores.
  • To elucidate the role of hydration shells and energy competition in divalent cation permeation.

Main Methods:

  • Computational simulations were employed to model cation transport.
  • Analysis focused on free energy barriers, hydration shell dynamics, and electrostatic interactions.

Main Results:

  • Divalent cation transport involves a strong enthalpy-entropy competition.
  • The first hydration shell undergoes rotational ordering within the pore, forming a tight transition state.
  • This ordering significantly impacts the energy landscape of cation permeation.

Conclusions:

  • The transport barrier for divalent cations is shaped by hydration shell ordering and enthalpy-entropy competition.
  • Findings provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing divalent cation transport in nanoporous 2D membranes.