The Role of Lactoferrin in Modulating Inflammation and Preventing Preterm Birth: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Biology
• Immunology
• Neonatal Health

Background:

• Preterm birth (PTB) is a major global health concern, linked to high neonatal morbidity and mortality.
• Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PTB.
• Lactoferrin (LF), known for its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions, is being investigated for its potential to prevent PTB.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize existing evidence on the effects of Lactoferrin (LF) supplementation.
• To examine LF's impact on inflammation, cytokine profiles, biochemical markers, and obstetric outcomes related to PTB.

Main Methods:

• A narrative review of eight clinical studies involving pregnant women at risk of PTB.
• Analysis of studies where LF was administered orally, vaginally, or combined, with varied dosages and durations.
• Outcomes assessed included inflammatory markers, cervical and uterine parameters, oxidative stress, and obstetric/neonatal endpoints.

Main Results:

• LF supplementation consistently reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved cervical length and uterine activity.
• Favorable changes in oxidative stress markers were observed with LF use.
• Supplementation was associated with prolonged gestation, reduced PTB rates, and fewer NICU admissions.

Conclusions:

• Lactoferrin demonstrates multifaceted immunomodulatory effects beneficial for maintaining pregnancy and mitigating inflammation.
• Current evidence suggests LF's potential role in PTB prevention, but findings are based on limited and heterogeneous data.
• Large-scale, multicenter randomized trials are essential to validate LF's efficacy and determine optimal administration protocols.